The E-Class Long Wheelbase: In-Depth Review & Insights
Intro
The E-Class Long Wheelbase represents the pinnacle of luxury and performance in today's automotive industry. This sedan seamlessly merges aesthetic appeal with practicality, offering a unique experience for both personal drivers and corporate fleets. In a landscape cluttered with options, understanding what makes this model stand out is crucial for discerning car buyers. This article will dissect the various elements that define the E-Class Long Wheelbase, including its design, specifications, performance, and the technological advancements that enhance its driving experience.
In-Depth Car Reviews
Overview of the Vehicle
The E-Class Long Wheelbase is designed specifically to cater to those who value comfort during travel. With a longer wheelbase than its standard counterpart, it provides additional legroom and a more spacious feel. This variant is particularly popular among executives, as it allows for work on the go or simply a relaxing ride.
Key Specifications
- Length: 207.6 inches
- Width: 73.7 inches
- Height: 57.8 inches
- Engine Options: 2.0L inline-4 and a 3.0L V6
- Horsepower: Up to 362 hp
- Fuel Economy: 23 mpg city/30 mpg highway
These specifications highlight the balance of performance and efficiency, key areas of interest for many potential buyers.
Performance Analysis
On the road, the E-Class Long Wheelbase does not disappoint. It offers a smooth ride, thanks to its sophisticated suspension system. The vehicle accelerates with ease and handles bends confidently. Regardless of whether you are cruising on the highway or navigating city streets, its performance is suited to diverse driving conditions. For those looking for an engaging driving experience combined with luxury, this model stands out.
Interior and Exterior Design
The design philosophy of the E-Class Long Wheelbase emphasizes elegance and functionality. The exterior boasts a sleek profile with distinct lines and a refined front grille that exudes prestige. Inside, premium materials create a luxurious environment. The leather upholstery and meticulous craftsmanship contribute to an overall ambiance that appeals to the senses.
Additionally, the cabin is equipped with an intuitive infotainment system, complete with a responsive touchscreen and voice command capabilities. This balance of style and technology enhances the overall driving experience.
Safety Ratings and Features
Safety is paramount in the E-Class Long Wheelbase. It comes equipped with various advanced safety features such as:
- Active brake assist
- Blind-spot monitoring
- Lane-keeping assist
- Adaptive cruise control
These systems support the driver and contribute to a high safety rating. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the E-Class Long Wheelbase consistently receives top marks in crash tests, ensuring peace of mind for drivers and passengers alike.
"The E-Class Long Wheelbase offers not just a mode of transport, but a sanctuary on wheels."
Buying Advice
Budget Recommendations
Allocating a budget for the E-Class Long Wheelbase starts with initial purchase costs. Prices can vary based on selected options, trims, and dealership pricing. Additional expenses such as insurance, maintenance, and fuel should also be considered. A well-thought-out financial approach can lead to a satisfying ownership experience.
Financing Options
Potential buyers should explore various financing options before making a decision. Whether opting for a loan or a lease, understanding the terms and conditions is crucial. Many dealerships provide financing solutions tailored to individual needs, which can simplify the process.
Best Time to Buy
Timing can impact the overall cost of purchasing the E-Class Long Wheelbase. Typically, end-of-year sales, holiday promotions, and new model releases can provide substantial discounts. Staying informed about dealership incentives can lead to advantageous deals.
Resale Value Considerations
Luxury vehicles such as the E-Class Long Wheelbase tend to hold their value well. Factors like demand, condition, and maintenance play an essential role in determining resale value. Retaining complete service records can significantly enhance a car's attractiveness in the used vehicle market.
Comparing Similar Models
When considering the E-Class Long Wheelbase, it is helpful to compare it with similar luxury sedans. Models such as the Audi A6 L and BMW 5 Series offer comparable features and performance. Assessing differences in comfort, technology, and pricing will aid prospective buyers in making an informed decision.
Overview of the E-Class Long Wheelbase
The E-Class Long Wheelbase is a distinct segment within the prestigious E-Class series manufactured by Mercedes-Benz. This vehicle not only provides elegance and luxury but also enhances practicality, making it an appealing choice for various consumers. Understanding the importance of the E-Class Long Wheelbase in the automotive landscape is crucial.
The long wheelbase configuration amplifies the vehicle’s interior space, ensuring a comfortable experience for all passengers. Additionally, the E-Class represents a blend of performance and luxury, featuring advanced technology and robust safety measures. Such factors contribute to the model’s high standing in the luxury sedan market, attracting executive and affluent buyers.
Exploring this specific variant of the E-Class helps potential buyers grasp the advantages it offers. It serves as an ideal choice for individuals seeking not just a mode of transport but a complete experience, especially in professional environments where comfort and style matter.
Preface to the E-Class Series
The E-Class series serves as an important pillar for Mercedes-Benz, showcasing a commitment to quality and innovation. It encompasses various styles and configurations, from coupes to convertibles, and prominently includes the long wheelbase version. Launched to combine luxury with practicality, the series appeals to a wide audience, including private users and corporate fleets.
The E-Class line has evolved over the years, featuring enhancements in design, technology, and performance. Each generation has brought new features that cater to changing consumer needs while remaining true to the brand’s essence. The E-Class Long Wheelbase encapsulates these ideals, prioritizing both comfort and performance.
Defining Long Wheelbase Sedans
Long wheelbase sedans are specifically designed to provide additional cabin space and improved ride quality. The E-Class Long Wheelbase falls into this category, featuring a longer chassis compared to standard versions. This design not only affects passenger space but also enhances stability and comfort during driving.
Long wheelbase sedans are especially favored by those who often travel with passengers or utilize the car for business purposes. Buyers often appreciate the added legroom and comfortable seating, which creates a premium travel experience. In this segment, the E-Class stands out due to its mix of technology, reliable performance, and upscale finishing.
Thus, understanding what defines a long wheelbase sedan brings clarity to its benefits, making it easier for prospective buyers to make informed decisions regarding the E-Class Long Wheelbase.
Design Features
The design features of the E-Class Long Wheelbase play a significant role in defining its position within the luxury sedan segment. This section explores the various design aspects that contribute to the vehicle's aesthetic appeal, comfort, and overall driving experience.
The E-Class Long Wheelbase stands out due to not only its size but also its thoughtful engineering and adherence to luxury standards. Features like comfortable interiors, elegant exteriors, and superior materials contribute to its successful market presence. Understanding these elements can lend insight into why this vehicle appeals to such a diverse audience.
Exterior Design Elements
The exterior of the E-Class Long Wheelbase is crafted to leave a striking impression. Every curve and line is designed with purpose. The iconic front fascia, characterized by a bold grille and sleek headlamps, instantly distinguishes the vehicle.
Moreover, the long wheelbase enhances visual proportions, lending an air of elegance. The overall silhouette conveys both power and grace, positioning it distinctly within the automotive landscape. The reflective surfaces and clean lines further augment its sophisticated charm.
The exterior is more than just aesthetics; it influences aerodynamics and performance.
Additionally, attention to detail is evident in elements such as the chrome accents and the choice of wheel designs, which range from classic to modern. Each exterior feature is not just decorative but functional as well, optimized for performance and fuel efficiency.
Interior Comfort and Space
Step inside the E-Class Long Wheelbase, and the focus on comfort becomes evident. The spacious interior offers ample legroom and headroom, making it ideal for both drivers and passengers alike. The seating is designed to provide maximum support during long journeys, with high-quality materials used for upholstery that enhance the overall experience.
The use of ambient lighting adds a layer of customization, allowing occupants to create their preferred atmosphere. A well-thought-out layout ensures that controls are intuitive, allowing drivers to focus more on the road. The rear seating area, in particular, is designed with executives in mind, offering comfort that is convenient for business discussions or relaxation.
Materials and Build Quality
The materials and build quality of the E-Class Long Wheelbase are paramount to its appeal. Mercedes-Benz prioritizes premium materials, from soft-touch plastics to genuine wood trims, which enhance the luxurious feel of the interior. Compared to others in its class, the E-Class offers an unparalleled attention to detail.
Furthermore, the construction methods ensure durability and longevity, making it a sound investment for buyers. Rigorous quality control measures are in place during manufacturing to guarantee that every vehicle meets high standards. This focus on quality not only contributes to aesthetics but also ensures that the vehicle withstands time and use.
Performance Metrics
Performance metrics are fundamental when considering the E-Class Long Wheelbase, especially for those who prioritize not only luxury but also the driving experience. These metrics cover a range of aspects, including engine specifications, transmission options, and overall driving dynamics. A thorough understanding of performance metrics provides potential buyers with insight on how the vehicle will perform under various conditions, which is crucial for making an informed decision. The balance of comfort and performance can significantly influence the ownership experience, especially for executives or families needing a reliable vehicle that also delivers in terms of driving pleasure.
Engine Specifications
The engine specifications of the E-Class Long Wheelbase showcase a commitment to both power and efficiency. Most versions of this model feature a robust 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-four engine, while higher trims may include a more powerful 3.0-liter inline-six with EQ Boost technology. The inline-six engine brings not only increased horsepower but also a smoother power delivery, greatly enhancing the overall driving experience.
In terms of output, the base engine typically produces around 255 horsepower and 273 pound-feet of torque, allowing for quick acceleration and responsive driving. The six-cylinder options, on the other hand, can generate upwards of 362 horsepower, significantly enhancing performance, especially during highway merges or passing maneuvers. This variance in engines allows buyers to choose the power level that best suits their needs, whether it be for spirited driving or more relaxed cruising.
Transmission Options
Transmission plays a key role in how the E-Class Long Wheelbase interacts with the road. Most models come equipped with a nine-speed automatic transmission known for its smooth shifts and responsiveness. This specific transmission optimizes power delivery from the engine to the wheels, enhancing fuel efficiency while also ensuring quick acceleration when necessary. The transmission software is designed to adapt to driving conditions, automatically shifting gears to provide the best experience depending on the driver’s input.
Additionally, drivers have some control over shift behavior via available drive modes, ranging from Eco mode for better fuel economy to Sport mode for a more engaging experience. Such versatility allows the driver to customize the vehicle’s performance according to their preference, ensuring it remains a pleasurable drive in varying situations.
Driving Dynamics and Handling
Driving dynamics and handling are critical elements that differentiate the E-Class Long Wheelbase within its segment. Equipped with an advanced air suspension system, this model is designed to deliver exceptional ride quality and handling balance. This system allows the vehicle to adjust its suspension settings based on road conditions, providing a smooth ride over bumps while also remaining composed during sharp turns.
The steering feel is another essential factor. The E-Class features electromechanical steering that offers a convincing mix of precision and comfort. The steering responds well to the driver’s inputs, making it easy to maneuver through urban environments and highways alike. Whether navigating tight city streets or open highways, the E-Class Long Wheelbase ensures a confident driving experience.
The combination of an advanced engine pairing, a sophisticated transmission, and refined handling dynamics makes the E-Class Long Wheelbase a standout option in the luxury sedan market.
In summary, performance metrics encompassing engine specifications, transmission options, and driving dynamics are vital for understanding the capabilities of the E-Class Long Wheelbase. They inform potential buyers about what to expect in real-world driving conditions and elevate the appeal of the model for enthusiasts and practicality-minded individuals alike.
Technological Advancements
Technological advancements are essential in the automotive industry, particularly in models like the E-Class Long Wheelbase. These innovations enhance user experience, improve driving safety, and increase vehicle efficiency. With changing consumer preferences, technology plays a pivotal role in how buyers evaluate a vehicle's value and practicality. This section examines critical advancements within the E-Class, highlighting specific elements and the benefits they bring to users.
Infotainment System Overview
The infotainment system in the E-Class is a central feature for enhancing connectivity and entertainment. It includes a multifunction display that integrates navigation, music, and communication tools, creating a seamless user interface.
Key elements of the infotainment system are:
- Touchscreen Interface: The central touchscreen is intuitive. It provides easy access to navigation and vehicle settings.
- Voice Commands: Drivers can use voice controls to operate features, reducing distractions while driving.
- Smartphone Integration: Compatibility with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto allows users to connect their devices easily for music and apps.
These features not only improve convenience but also ensure that drivers remain more focused on the road.
Driver Assistance Features
Driver assistance features in the E-Class Long Wheelbase exemplify the brand's commitment to safety and innovation. These systems are designed to assist drivers in various situations, potentially preventing accidents and improving driving comfort.
Some notable driver assistance technologies include:
- Adaptive Cruise Control: This system maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, adjusting speed as necessary.
- Lane Keeping Assist: Lane departure warnings and corrective steering help keep the car within its lane.
- Automatic Emergency Braking: This feature detects an impending collision and applies brakes automatically to reduce impact severity.
The integration of these features demonstrates how technology contributes to safer driving experiences.
Connectivity Options
Connectivity options in the E-Class Long Wheelbase are vital for today’s tech-savvy consumers. These features enable constant communication and access to the digital world, setting the vehicle apart in its class.
Key connectivity options comprise:
- Wi-Fi Hotspot: Passengers can connect multiple devices to the internet, enhancing travel comfort.
- Bluetooth Connectivity: Wireless connections for hands-free calling and audio streaming provide convenience.
- Remote Access through Mobile Apps: Owners can monitor and control vehicle functions through dedicated smartphone applications.
These capabilities underscore the importance of remaining connected while traveling, which modern consumers find indispensable.
Safety Features and Ratings
The discussion surrounding safety features and ratings is crucial when evaluating vehicles, notably for buyers who prioritize both personal well-being and the safety of passengers. The E-Class Long Wheelbase stands out due to its comprehensive suite of advanced safety technologies designed to mitigate risks and enhance the driving experience. From active safety systems that assist drivers in avoiding potential hazards to passive features that protect occupants during a collision, understanding these components is key to appreciating the E-Class’s commitment to safety.
Active Safety Features
Active safety features represent a range of technologies designed to prevent accidents before they occur. The E-Class Long Wheelbase is equipped with several cutting-edge active systems including:
- Collision Prevention Assistance: This system utilizes radar sensors to detect potential collisions and can automatically apply the brakes if the driver fails to respond in time.
- Blind Spot Monitoring: Alerts the driver to vehicles in adjacent lanes, minimizing the risk during lane changes. It provides a visual warning in the side mirrors, enhancing situational awareness.
- Lane Keeping Assist: This feature helps maintain the vehicle's position within marked lanes, activating gentle steering corrections if there is unintended lane departure.
These technologies highlight the proactive approach taken by Mercedes-Benz to enhance safety. By reducing the likelihood of accidents, these active safety features are invaluable not just for the driver, but for all road users.
Passive Safety Features
When an incident occurs, the focus shifts to passive safety features that protect occupants in the event of a crash. The E-Class Long Wheelbase is equipped with robust passive safety mechanisms:
- Airbags: The vehicle comes fitted with multiple airbags throughout the cabin, including front, side, and curtain airbags to provide comprehensive protection in various types of collisions.
- Reinforced Structure: The design of the chassis includes advanced materials and engineering techniques that absorb impact energy, minimizing injury to passengers.
- Seatbelt Technology: The E-Class incorporates pretensioners and force limiters in its seatbelt systems to secure occupants optimally during a crash.
These passive features are vital for occupant safety, functioning to minimize the consequences of an accident and protect lives.
Crash Test Ratings
Crash test ratings offer a quantitative measure of a vehicle’s safety performance. The E-Class Long Wheelbase consistently garners high scores in rigorous evaluations conducted by both governmental and independent organizations.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): The E-Class has received a five-star overall safety rating, which is indicative of its excellence in crashworthiness.
- Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS): This organization has awarded the E-Class with "Top Safety Pick+" designation, recognizing its superior performance across various testing categories, including front crash prevention.
Such accolades provide assurance to potential buyers about the vehicle’s safety capabilities and reflect the brand’s commitment to safeguarding its users.
"Safety is not just a feature; it's a fundamental element of design in the E-Class Long Wheelbase."
Market Position and Competitors
Understanding the market position and competitors of the E-Class Long Wheelbase is crucial for appreciating its place in the luxury sedan segment. This section will provide insights into the target audience, usage, comparisons with rival models, and the influence of prevailing market trends. The analysis enhances comprehension of how the E-Class Long Wheelbase competes and thrives in a challenging automotive landscape.
Target Audience and Usage
The E-Class Long Wheelbase appeals primarily to affluent individuals and corporate clients seeking both comfort and status. The consumer base includes business executives, high-ranking professionals, and those with a penchant for luxury. Additionally, its spacious interior design makes it appealing for families needing extra room without sacrificing elegance or performance.
In terms of usage, the vehicle primarily serves for both daily commutes and executive transportation. Many buyers find value in its dual functionality, catering to personal needs without compromising on the corporate image. The long wheelbase arrangement enhances rear-seat comfort, making it compatible for use as a chauffeur-driven vehicle.
Comparison with Competitor Models
The E-Class Long Wheelbase faces stiff competition in the luxury sedan segment. Notable rivals include the BMW 7 Series, Audi A8, and the Lexus LS. Each model offers distinct traits but struggles to match the overall blend of luxury, performance, and technology found in the E-Class.
- BMW 7 Series: Known for its sporty handling and dynamic driving experience, the 7 Series draws a younger, tech-savvy audience. However, its rear-seat comfort may not match that of the E-Class.
- Audi A8: The A8 boasts advanced technology and a high-quality interior, appealing to discerning buyers focused on innovation. However, the E-Class Long Wheelbase has a more extensive range of features and customization options.
- Lexus LS: This model focuses heavily on reliability and comfort. While it caters to buyers looking for dependability, it often lacks the engaging driving experience and brand prestige associated with Mercedes-Benz.
The E-Class Long Wheelbase succeeds in offering a well-rounded package that ticks all boxes of luxury and usability.
Influence of Market Trends
Market trends significantly influence consumer preferences and purchase decisions in the luxury vehicle segment. Increasing demand for advanced safety features and connectivity defines the new landscape of automotive buying. Customers expect not only luxury but also a seamless integration of technology into their driving experience.
Moreover, there is a growing trend towards sustainability. This affects buying decisions, with buyers more inclined towards vehicles that offer hybrid options or enhanced fuel economy. Mercedes-Benz is adapting to these trends by increasing its portfolio of electrified models, allowing the E-Class Long Wheelbase to maintain its competitive edge.
In summary, understanding the market position and competing models helps focus on both consumer needs and broader market dynamics. The E-Class Long Wheelbase competes effectively, leveraging its strengths while acknowledging trends that shape buyer preferences.
Consumer Insights and Reviews
Consumer insights and reviews are critical components in understanding the overall market reception of the E-Class Long Wheelbase. Such information helps potential buyers gauge not only the quality and reliability of the vehicle but also how it performs in real-world conditions. By analyzing owner satisfaction ratings, expert reviews, and common feedback, one can develop a well-rounded perspective on the vehicle's strengths and weaknesses. This approach ultimately assists prospective buyers in making objective decisions based on a synthesis of various opinions and documented facts.
Owner Satisfaction Ratings
Owner satisfaction ratings provide a measurable view of how well the E-Class Long Wheelbase meets or exceeds the expectations of its owners. Metrics such as comfort, performance, and value for money frequently surface in these discussions. Sources such as automotive review websites often feature surveys where current owners share their experiences. Generally, owners appreciate the luxurious feel of the interior and the smooth performance of the engine.
Most owners have rated the E-Class favorably in terms of technology usability and safety features. Many drivers highlight the intuitive infotainment system as a strong point. It's not unusual to find satisfaction levels hovering around the 85-90% mark among owners, indicating a broad acceptance of the model.
Expert Reviews and Recommendations
Expert reviews compile a wealth of information from automotive journalists and industry professionals. These reviews typically focus on various aspects such as performance metrics, safety features, and technological advancements. A well-researched review can provide depth that casual owner opinions might miss.
Many reviewers commend the E-Class Long Wheelbase for its powerful engines and refined driving dynamics. The car's advanced safety features often receive high marks in expert evaluations. The spacious interior and use of premium materials lead to high recommendations, making it a favorite in luxury sedan segments.
"The E-Class Long Wheelbase effectively marries performance with luxury, making it a strong contender in its class."
Common Feedback and Issues
Despite high satisfaction ratings, like any vehicle, the E-Class Long Wheelbase is not devoid of criticisms. Some owners report issues such as high maintenance costs and a steep depreciation rate compared to its competitors, notably other luxury brands. Additionally, while technology is a standout feature, some users find themselves overwhelmed by the complexity of the infotainment system.
Key points often raised include:
- Maintenance Costs: Owners suggest that while the initial purchase price is competitive, maintenance can add up significantly over time.
- Complex Technology: Some GPS and infotainment updates are cited as being less user-friendly than expected.
- Depreciation: Many have noted that the vehicle loses value quicker compared to other luxury competitors.
Understanding this feedback can help prospective buyers make informed choices and potentially negotiate better purchase conditions based on outlined concerns.
Cost of Ownership
Understanding the cost of ownership is crucial for potential buyers of the E-Class Long Wheelbase. This aspect goes beyond just the initial purchase price, encapsulating ongoing expenses like maintenance, insurance, and fuel efficiency. Evaluating these elements helps buyers make informed decisions, revealing the overall economic implications of owning such a luxury vehicle. A well-rounded perspective on cost can indicate whether the luxury and performance offered by the E-Class are sustainable for the user's financial situation.
Initial Purchase Price
The initial purchase price of the E-Class Long Wheelbase is a significant factor in the total cost of ownership. This vehicle is positioned in the luxury sedan market, and its starting price reflects that status. Depending on the specific trim and optional features selected, buyers can expect to pay a premium compared to standard sedans.
Options like upgraded interiors, larger engines, and advanced technology packages can substantially increase the cost. It is wise for buyers to assess their budgets and prioritize which features are essential for their needs, thereby managing the initial financial outlay effectively.
Maintenance and Insurance Costs
Maintenance and insurance costs represent a considerable long-term expense for owners of the E-Class Long Wheelbase. These vehicles are equipped with sophisticated engineering and technology that may require specialized service. Regular maintenance such as oil changes, brake inspections, and tire rotations can be more expensive than standard sedans because of the vehicle's complexity.
Insurance is another aspect that buyers often overlook. Given the luxury status of the E-Class, insurance premiums tend to be higher. Prospective owners should obtain quotes from various insurance providers to understand better the financial commitment they are making.
Fuel Economy and Environmental Impact
Fuel economy and the environmental impact of the E-Class Long Wheelbase also contribute to cost of ownership considerations. Although luxury cars typically focus on performance, the E-Class offers a balanced approach that includes efficiency. The model boasts several engine options, some of which provide decent mileage, thus lessening fuel costs.
On the other hand, buyers should also consider the environmental implications of ownership. With stricter emissions regulations, understanding the vehicle's carbon footprint becomes increasingly relevant. Owners might have an interest in advanced diesel or hybrid options that could align better with sustainability goals.
"Cost of ownership is more than just the price tag. It's an ongoing evaluation of what you are willing to invest in luxury over time."
Evaluating these components together helps consumers appreciate the E-Class Long Wheelbase not just as a luxury vehicle, but as a long-term investment. Understanding each of these financial aspects can lead to better decision-making and ownership experience.
The End and Recommendations
The Conclusion and Recommendations section of the article serves an essential purpose. It encapsulates the insights gathered throughout the comprehensive examination of the E-Class Long Wheelbase, offering a clear understanding of its significance within the automotive landscape. By synthesizing the main aspects discussed, this section provides clarity for prospective buyers and enthusiasts alike. It aligns their expectations with the vehicle's capabilities and market position, ensuring a well-rounded perspective.
Summary of Key Features
The E-Class Long Wheelbase stands out due to its unique blend of luxury and practicality. Key features include:
- Spacious Interior: Enhanced legroom ensures passenger comfort, making it ideal for both personal and corporate use.
- Advanced Technology: The MBUX infotainment system provides a seamless user experience with intuitive controls and connectivity options.
- Strong Performance: Various engine specifications coupled with a smooth transmission deliver an engaging driving experience.
- Impressive Safety: The vehicle comes well-equipped with both active and passive safety features, contributing to high safety ratings.
These elements combine to make the E-Class Long Wheelbase a compelling choice within its category.
Final Thoughts on the E-Class Long Wheelbase
Recommendations for Prospective Buyers
For those considering the E-Class Long Wheelbase, here are some practical recommendations:
- Test Drive: Experience the driving dynamics and comfort first-hand before making any decisions.
- Consider Your Needs: Think about whether the luxurious space will be fully utilized. This model is excellent for frequent travelers or corporate use.
- Stay Informed: Keep abreast of market trends. Prices can fluctuate based on demand and new model releases.
- Evaluate Financing Options: Investigate various financing plans to find one that fits your budget comfortably.
By following these guidelines, prospective buyers can enhance their purchasing decisions, ensuring they align with both their needs and expectations.
